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CHEQUE COLLECTION COSTLIER FROM APRIL 1,2011 | SIMPLE TAX INDIA-TDS RATE INCOME TAX RATE

2011-04-04T20:48:00.000-07:00

CHEQUE COLLECTION COSTLIER FROM APRIL 1,2011 | SIMPLE TAX INDIA-TDS RATE INCOME TAX RATE

TDS Provisions on Pension Payments - Income Tax Articles - Chartered Accountants India,Taxpayers, CAs India, CA india ,ICAI, Company Secretary ,CS, Cost Accountants, MBA, Finance Professionals

2011-04-04T20:39:00.000-07:00

TDS Provisions on Pension Payments - Income Tax Articles - Chartered Accountants India,Taxpayers, CAs India, CA india ,ICAI, Company Secretary ,CS, Cost Accountants, MBA, Finance Professionals

Automatic saving and backup of Word file

2010-01-24T21:07:00.000-08:00

By default, Microsoft word automatically saves your current document after every ten minutes. This can be changed. It is also possible to create backup of files automatically.

Steps:

Select Options command from Tools menu.
A small dialog box will open.
Select the Save tab in the dialog box.
Check the option "Always create backup copy". This sets your word to create backup copy of file each time, you save document.
Click the "Save Auto Recover info every" check box and enter the time in minutes.

Click the Ok button of dialog box.

How to insert sample text

2010-01-03T07:04:00.000-08:00

Sample text: The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

How to insert sample text in Word 2003 and earlier versions :

To insert sample text in Word 2003, Word 2002, Word 2000, or in Word 97 for Windows, type =rand() in the document where you want the text to appear, and then press ENTER.

How to insert sample text in Microsoft Office Word 2007

To insert sample text in Word 2007, use one of the following methods.

Method 1: Use rand()

To insert localized sample text in Word 2007, type =rand() in the document where you want the text to appear, and then press ENTER.
You can control how many paragraphs and lines appear by adding numbers inside the parentheses of the rand() function. The =rand() function has the following syntax:
=rand(p,l) Note In this function, p is the number of paragraphs, and l is the number of lines that you want to appear in each paragraph.

Method 2: Use rand.old()

To insert localized sample text that is compatible with Microsoft Office Word 2003 and earlier versions, type =rand.old() in the document where you want the text to appear, and then press ENTER.

How to disable error reporting to Microsoft

2009-12-26T06:45:00.000-08:00

Open Control Panel
Click Performance and Maintenance
Double click System
Click Advanced tab
Click Error reporting button at the bottom of the windows
Select Disable error reporting.
Click OK
Click OK

40th birthday of the mouse

2009-11-21T07:49:00.000-08:00

One computer device could be called as being most in touch with humans, the mouse, which celebrated its 40th birthday on December 1, 2008. The first computer mouse was a little wooden box with a single red button on top and a wire hanging from the back, because of which it was likened to a rodent. And while computers have transformed from big white boxes to cool flat screens and laptops, the mouse has stayed the same. Its designer, Douglas Engelbart, is not a rich man as he never got any royalties because the patent expired before the mouse became a must have.

Superatom

2009-11-21T06:18:00.000-08:00

Scientists from Virginia Commonwealth University, along with collaborators at the Harish-Chandra Research Institute, Allahabad, and Naval Research Laboratory in the US, have discovered a 'magnetic superatom' which could shrink the size of many electronic devices like computers, make them faster and pack more storage space.

The magnetic superatom—a stable cluster of atoms that can mimic different elements of the periodic table—may also have potential biomedical applications such as sensing, imaging and drug delivery.

The newly discovered cluster, consisting of one vanadium and eight cesium atoms, acts like a tiny magnet that can mimic a single manganese atom in magnetic strength, while preferentially allowing electrons of specific spin orientation to flow through the surrounding shell of cesium atoms.

The researchers believe that the superatom can have significant impact in the area of molecular electronics and spintronics in which attempts are made to use conducting properties of small molecules to design electronic devices.

The researchers have proposed that by combining gold and manganese, one can make other superatoms that have magnetic moment but will not conduct electricity. These superatoms may have potential application in healthcare.

Mobile phone brands

2009-10-09T03:30:00.000-07:00

Popular mobile phone brands in India:

Nokia, LG, Motorola, Apple, Samsung, Sony Ericsson, Virgin, Blackberry, FLY, Lava, HTC, Reliance, Spice, Micromax, Karbonn, Intex, i-Mate, Haier, HP, Dopod, Asus, BenQ, Sagem, O2, Palm, Panasonic, Philips, Vertu, Toshiba, Kyocera, Orpat, Sanyo, Tata Indicom, Vodafone, MTS, Acer, Onida, T-Mobiles, Orion, Bleu, Gigabyte, Rage, Ray, Ulysse Nardin, Melbon, Lephone, Xfone, Longtel, Idea, Maxx, Alcatel, Byond, Ajanta, Tata Docomo, Spark, Hyundai.

DSL and its speed

2009-10-08T00:10:00.000-07:00

DSL means Digital Subscriber Line. There are many types according to the need of users like ADSL, R-ADSL, HDSL, SDSL, and VDSL. The rates of DSL connection depends upon its speed and downloading or uploading allowed traffic.

Most homes and small business users use the asymmetric DSL (ADSL).
DSL can use the already existing phone line. Voice call can be made even when the internet connection is open. The connection is faster for receiving data than it is for sending data over the Internet. The actual speed at user end may be different from one user to another due to the modem speed, telephone line condition and the distance from services provider to user.

Many DSL providers offer free speed test software with internet connection package to check the speed. DSL speed test result will vary in different times. The actual speed may be the average speed of DSL speeds taken at different times in a day.

Paragraph spacing and line spacing

2009-10-07T23:07:00.000-07:00

The space either before or after a paragraph is called paragraph space. The space between adjacent lines is called line space. These spaces can easily be adjusted while operating computer.

Steps for paragraph spacing:

Place the insertion point in a paragraph.
Select Paragraph from Format menu. The Paragraph dialog box will appear.
Click the Indents and Spacing tab in the Paragraph dialog box.
To specify the spacing before the selected paragraphs, type a number in the before box.
To specify spacing after the selected paragraphs, type a number in the after box.
Click OK button to apply the settings.
You can specify the space in inches, points and centimeters.
The preview section of dialog box shows the effect of your selected spacing between the paragraphs.

Shortcut keys to adjust the line space:

Ctrl + 1 to set single line spacing.
Ctrl + 2 to set double line spacing.
Ctrl + 5 to set 1.5 line spacing.

Password protection for document

2009-10-07T22:18:00.000-07:00

Two types of passwords can be applied in a computer. One is ‘password to open the document’ and the other is ‘password to modify the document’.

To prevent the display of your document to any unauthorized person, you can apply ‘password to open the document’.

To make the document ‘read only’ and to prevent any other user from modifying the document, ‘password to modify the document’ is applied.

You can apply any one or both of these passwords.

The steps:

Open Save As dialog box by selecting ‘Save As’ command from File menu.
Click ‘Tools’ button of Save As dialog box and choose ‘General Options’ from drop down menu, ‘Save’ dialog box will appear.
Enter first password in ‘Password to open’ text box and second password in ‘Password to modify’ text box and click ‘Ok’ button of dialog box.
Microsoft Word will open ‘Confirm Password’ dialog box for the confirmation of passwords. The maximum length of password is 15 characters.
Re-enter the password to open and password to modify and click ‘Ok’ button of Confirm Password dialog boxes one by one.
Click ‘Save’ button of Save As dialog box.

Classification of computers

2009-04-19T03:57:00.000-07:00

According to the technology used, computers can be classified as
1. Digital Computers
2. Analog Computers
3. Hybrid Computers

Digital Computers are the most common computers being used like calculators, digital watches etc. They store data and instructions in the form of binary digits i.e. 0 and 1. These digits are used to denote letters, numerals and symbols.

Analog Computers measure continuous variations in devices like speedometer, thermometer, voltmeter, ammeter etc. (Analog means continuous variation).

Hybrid Computers are the combination of both Digital and Analog Computers. They measure analog quantities and convert them into digital signals for analysis. They can be used in space research and satellites. Computer with multimedia, robot etc. are examples of Hybrid Computers.

Computers can also be classified according to size and storage capacity as

1. Micro Computers
2. Mini Computers
3. Main Frame Computers
4. Super Computers

Micro Computers are small computers used as personal computers, computer notebooks, palmtop, laptop etc. for entertainment, education etc, at home or at office where volume of data is less.

A Mini Computer is a multi user system. It can be used by many users simultaneously. Mini Computers have larger RAM (Random Access Memory) and storage capacity. They can process data more quickly. Reservation system, banking system, etc. are using Mini Computers.

Main Frame Computers are large and powerful. They are used for complex calculations. They can support many input and output devices. They can process large amount of data quickly. They have a high storage capacity.

Super Computers are the largest, fastest, and most expensive computers used in the fields of medicines, industries, space research etc.They have many processing units working simultaneously to perform billions of operations every second.

COMPUTER VIRUS

2009-03-15T02:34:00.000-07:00

Computer virus are programs that spread across computers by attaching a copy of itself to the files on the infected computer.
When the infected file is run, the virus gets into action.
A virus is usually harmful and can corrupt data, overwrite files, or use up system resources, and slow it down in the process.
Some may be merely disturbing like sending email using address book.
Viruses are written by programmers to cause trouble.

Computer Memory (RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, floppy disk, CD ROM, CD writer, DVD, Hard disk, pen drive)

2008-10-10T09:06:00.000-07:00

The computer stores the data in an area known as memory. It can be compared to thousands of registers and files maintained in an office. The computer stores data in the forms of binary digits (0s and 1s) or Bits. The units are

8 Bits :1Byte
1024 Bytes :1Kilo Byte (KB)
1024 KB :1 Mega Byte (MB)
1024 MB :1 Giga Byte (GB)
1024 GB :1 Tera Byte (TB)

Memory can be classified into two types, namely

Primary Memory
Secondary Memory

PRIMARY MEMORY
Primary Memory or Main Memory is used to hold the program being executed and any other data currently in use. It is of two types namely:

Random Access Memory (RAM). Random access memory is Volatile Memory. It is also called Read/Write Memory. When the computer is switched off, information stored on the RAM is lost. Hence it is also known as Volatile Memory.

Read Only Memory (ROM). There are certain functions that the computer must perform when it is switched on. For example, connections have to be established within the various components if the computer and its peripherals. A series of programs are required to perform these functions. These programs are hardwired into the ROM Chips at the time of manufacture. ROM is non-volatile. When the computer is switched off, the data on these chips is not lost. Hence it is known as Non Volatile memory.

Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM). A variation of the ROM chip is PROM. PROM can be programmed to record information using a facility known as PROM Programmer. If the chip is programmed, the recorded information cannot be changed and PROM becomes ROM. This is also Non-volatile.

Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM). Information in these chips can be erased by exposing them to ultra-violet rays. The chip can then be programmed afresh to record different information.

SECONDARY MEMORY

Secondary Memory or Auxiliary Memory is the area in which the processed data or information can be stored. The devices used are known as secondary storage devices.

Floppy Disk. It is a flexible plastic disk coated with a thin layer of Iron Oxide. They are available in three sizes viz. 31/2, 51/4 and 8 inches. The commonly used is the 31/2” floppy disk. The storage capacity of these disks is limited (1.44 MB).

CD ROM. CD ROM (Compact disk- Read Only Memory) has larger storage capacity. However to transfer information from your computer to the CD, you require a device known as a CD Writer. The CD can hold data amounting to 700 MB. A more advanced version is the DVD which can hold data anywhere between 1 GB and 16 GB.

Hard Disk. The Hard Disk is another storage device, which is fitted to the computer so that the processed data can be stored and accessed easily. The software required to run the computer and any additional software or programs are stored in the hard disk. The new version computers are equipped with 40, 80 or 160 Giga Bytes Hard disk.

Pen Drive. It is a small, dust proof, shock proof, very light weight storage device, used to transfer files between USB compatible systems conveniently. It is available in a range of capacities even up to 8 GB or more.

Input and output devices of a computer

2008-08-16T23:21:00.000-07:00

The devices that help the user to communicate with the computer are input devices. Once the data is fed into the computer, it works on the data, processes it and provides the results to the user. The devices that help the user to get the output from the computer are output devices.

Input devices
Input devices are those devices that are used to feed data and programs into a computer.

Keyboard: the keyboard of a computer resembles a typewriter with a few additional keys to handle various functions. A computer keyboard has three categories of keys:
Alphanumeric keys: Alphabets, numbers, characters.
Special keys: enter, backspace, Del, esc, Ctrl, alt.
Function keys: (f1 to f 12) for selected operations.
Mouse: the mouse is one of the most popular input devices. This device helps you to manipulate a pointer or an arrow on the screen. The pointer moves according to the movement of the mouse on a flat surface.
Light pen: helps in identifying bar codes.
Scanner: scans documents and photos and transmits them to the computer.
Microphone: helps to record sounds to the computer and extensively used to talk through the internet.
Web camera: Also called webcam is a small low resolution digital video camera. Web accessible cameras upload images to a web server.
Joystick: used mainly to play games.

Output devices
These are the devices that are useful in receiving information or processed data from the computer. Some of the commonly used output devices are

Visual display unit: the unit that resembles a TV screen and commonly referred to as ‘Monitor’. This unit informs us about the activities performed by the computer.
Printers: printers are the primary output device used to prepare permanent documents. The printers that are widely used are Dot Matrix, LaserJet and Inkjet.
Plotters: plotters are used for high quality diagrams. A pen is mounted on an arm, which moves along the paper with the help of motors. This is used in making high-resolution sketches and maps.
Speakers: helps in listening to music and soundtracks of applications.

Input/output devices
The information in the disks is read by a disk drive. It is this same drive, which helps in writing or recording information to the disks (hard disk, floppy disk, CD R/RW). Hence, the disk drive is called an input/output device.

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OF A COMPUTER

2008-08-08T21:46:00.000-07:00

HARDWARE:
The components of the computer, which we can see, feel and touch, are known as the hardware.
Hardware comprises all the peripherals, which are associated with the computer.

SOFTWARE:
Software is a collection of Programs and instructions, which handle the different components of your computer and help them to interact in a hassle-free manner. Without software, a computer is nothing but a box with components that does not serve any purpose.
Computer software can be broadly classified into two categories viz:
(a) system software (operating system)
(b) application software(utility software)

SYSTEM SOFTWARE :
System software is the collection of programs and instructions designed to control, co-ordinate and extend the processing capabilities of a computer system. These programs act as an interface between the user and the computer.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE:
Application software are programs designed to use computer for a specific task. These programs are written to meet the needs of the user as the demand arises. Application software cannot function without system software. They give the user the flexibility to use the computer for special applications by providing with tools, which are otherwise not available with the system software. Examples of application software include Microsoft office, office XP, Adobe package, flash etc.

DISK OPERATING SYSTEMS:
Disk operating system is the operating system for personal computers (PCs).DOS provides a set of commands that enable to access or manipulate information on disks as well as simply interact with the PC. DOS manages file operations (copying, printing, viewing etc) disk storage organization, screen displays and other routine tasks that help make a PC easier to use. Software itself is contained on a disk and generally is loaded from that disk each time the computer starts up or boots.

Peripheral, Universal Serial Bus (USB) and Drivers

2008-08-07T06:38:00.000-07:00

Peripheral

Hardware you add to your computer other than processors and memory is called a peripheral. Computers generally include a parallel port, one or two serial ports, two PS/2 ports, two universal serial bus(USB) ports, controllers for up to two floppy disk drives and four IDE devices(typically hard drives, CD-ROM drives, CD-R drives, or DVD drives), a modem and sound and video adapters on the motherboard. Windows can’t usually tell whether these items are built-in or on separate cards. It treats them all as separate peripherals.

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

USB is a new connector, intended to be a faster and simpler replacement for serial and parallel ports, as well as for low to moderate speed devices such as modems, printers, sound cards and back-up tapes.

Drivers

Windows comes with standard drivers for a wide range of monitors, printers, modems, and other devices. When you buy hardware, you usually receive a floppy disk or CD- ROM that contains the driver for the device which you need to install during the configuring process to get the device work with windows.

COMPUTER LANGUAGES

2008-04-06T07:16:00.000-07:00

BINARY NUMBERS:

Computers can understand only binary numbers which are 0 and 1.

Any number or character can be operated by the computer in the binary format only.

The number 10 in binary number system is 1010.

The decimal number is representated in (base 10) and binary number is representated in (base 2).

eg. (10)10 = (1010)2

How to convert a decimal number to a binary number?

The following is a method to convert a decimal number to a binary one:

1) Divide the decimal number by 2.

2) Mark the reminder as the right most digit of the binary number.

3) Repeat the step 1 till the divident becomes 1. This 0 is the left most digit of the binary number.

BLOCK DIAGRAM AND CHARASTERISTICS OF A COMPUTER

2008-03-02T02:27:00.001-08:00

CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPUTER

Speed
Accuracy
Storage capacity
Non fatigue
GIGO - garbage in garbage out

etc.

INTRODUCTION AND CONFIGURATION OF A COMPUTER

2008-03-01T00:26:00.000-08:00

The word 'computer' is derived from the word 'compute'. It is a fascinating machine, which helps in our day-to-day affairs such as education, business, transport, banking, medicine, industry, agriculture, design, entertainment, and may be defined as an electronic machine that receives data and programs, stores them, processes the data according to the program and presents the results to the user. This is the main reason that the computers have become the part of our everyday life.

The following are the main components of a computer:

Input unit
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Output Unit

A computer system combines the following elements:

hardware
software
people
procedures
data
connectivity(when two or more computers are connected to each other)

THE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

Basic Components:

Processor
Motherboard
Hard disk
RAM(Random Access Memory)
Display/Video card
Keyboard
Floppy drive
CD drive
Mouse
Monitor(Vedio display unit)
etc.

Optional Components:

Printer
Scanner
Modem
DVD Drive
Speakers
Microphone
Zip Drive
Web Camera
Joystick
etc.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

2008-03-01T00:05:00.000-08:00

The idea of making this blog is for the benefit of those who want to gain preliminary knowledge on computer and subsequently improve upon it in due course of time.